Post-Harvest Corn Weed Management Program Review

Assessing, planning, implementing, and scouting are key ingredients for a successful weed management program.
The plan may not perfectly work each year and may require tweaking.
Plans should be modified to control weed escapes. Although weeds adapt to control efforts, continued plan refinements should help ensure effective weed management in the future.

Q. Why is it important to review your weed management program?

Taking the time to evaluate the effectiveness of your weed management program at the end of the season can help increase future weed control, protect yield potential, and improve profitability. With the development of herbicide-resistant weeds, growers need to continually assess weed control in their fields and make necessary changes to weed management programs.

Q. When should you evaluate your weed management program?

Fall and winter are the perfect times to evaluate weed management programs. During harvest, note the fields with large weed escapes. After harvest, growers can overlay their observations with yield monitor results and imagery to further assess how their weed control worked, identify problem areas, and begin developing next year’s weed management program.

Q. What are the questions to ask when evaluating your weed management program?

What is the history of the field?
- What are the current and past weed species and populations?
- What is the herbicide application history?
- Are there any herbicide resistance issues?
- What is the tillage practice?
What is the weed pressure in the local area and region?
- What is the weed pressure in neighboring fields or in the larger local area?
How does weather affect the weed control program?
- Did rainfall events and temperatures reduce effectiveness of the weed management program?
- Were there other environmental conditions that impacted herbicide performance (PRE and POST)?
What soil conditions or other field characteristics may have affected performance?
- How well did the residual herbicide provide weed control?
- Were there variations in weed control across the field?
What were the size of weeds when herbicide applications were made?
Did any weed escapes affect the season-long plan through harvest?
- What types of weed escapes occurred?
- How did weed escapes impact harvest and yield?
- Consider how these escapes will contribute to the weed seed bank.
What is the economic approach of your operation?
- What are the yield goals and profit potential of the crop?
- How will market conditions and other crop management decisions impact profitability?

Q. How can Climate FieldView™ platform help in evaluating your weed management program?

Climate FieldView™ provides high-resolution aerial imagery data and field-level insights to assist in mitigating crop yield loss risks due to weed pressure, other crop pests, and fertility issues. While scouting for weeds during harvest, the app can be used to drop geo-referenced pins. Imagery is provided for any field that is mapped; therefore, growers do not need to request imagery. Imagery can help you see variability across your fields. Imagery can be used to help identify potential trouble spots and target where to scout. An effective scouting program is essential to monitor weed populations throughout the growing season. From the Field Health grid view screen, users can quickly identify areas of the field with low or high biomass. Low biomass areas of a field may indicate low emergence that could become weed trouble spots. High biomass areas of the field can indicate possible weed pressure where scouting should be considered. Split View can be used to compare current imagery to previous years to observe possible differences or trends in weed pressure. For the next growing season, GDUs can be tracked from planting to estimate plant growth stage and help time herbicide applications appropriately.

Q. Why is it important to have an effective weed management plan?

A diversified weed management strategy that includes timely herbicide applications and cultural practices like cultivation can help maintain effective weed control and minimize the risk of herbicide-resistant weed development throughout the growing season. A long-term weed management program should focus on controlling the weed seed bank. Scouting is an important part of developing an effective weed management plan. Continued evaluation of your preemergence and postemergence herbicide program is important to stay ahead of weeds developing into problems in your fields. If not properly managed, a small, isolated herbicide-resistant weed patch can soon spread across an entire field and potentially into neighboring fields. Consult with your Bayer representative, extension, neighboring growers, dealers, and others for help with developing an effective weed management plan for your farm.

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Legal Statements ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW PESTICIDE LABEL DIRECTIONS.
Performance may vary, from location to location and from year to year, as local growing, soil and environmental conditions may vary. Growers should evaluate data from multiple locations and years whenever possible and should consider the impacts of these conditions on their growing environment. The recommendations in this material are based upon trial observations and feedback received from a limited number of growers and growing environments. These recommendations should be consid-ered as one reference point and should not be substituted for the professional opinion of agronomists, entomologists or other relevant experts evaluating specific conditions. Services and products offered by Climate LLC are subject to the customer agreeing to our Terms of Service. Our services provide estimates or recommendations based on models. These do not guar-antee results. Consult with your agronomist, commodity broker, or other industry professional before making financial, farming, or risk management decisions. More information at https://www.climate. com/legal/disclaimer/. FieldView™ is a trademark of Climate LLC. Bayer and Bayer Cross are registered trademarks of Bayer Group. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
©2023 Bayer Group. All rights reserved. 1223_156064

Field Facts: Woolly Cupgrass

*This content was previously published by Corteva Agriscience.

Herbicide-resistant weeds, such as waterhemp, giant ragweed and marestail, are likely already on the radar for most of your customers. But now, a fourth troublesome weed is making a resurgence after causing yield loss challenges many years ago: woolly cupgrass.

• Common names: Woolly cupgrass, hairy cupgrass
• Scientific name: Eriochloa villosa
• Cotyledons: Short and wide, parallel with the soil surface
• Leaf shape: Lance-linear
• Stems: Covered with short hairs
• Flowers: Clusters (racemes) arranged in panicles. The group of florets (spikelets) are arranged in compressed groups of one to two.
• Reproduction: Monoecious (male and female flowers on one plant)

Fast Facts

• The name “woolly cupgrass” comes from the fringe of hairs surrounding the “cup” where seeds are attached.
• Woolly cupgrass has been in the Midwest since the 1950s. Due to its large seed size, woolly cupgrass is more tolerant of preemergence and postemergence herbicides. This attribute has allowed the weed to spread rapidly across the region.
• Woolly cupgrass plants can grow up to 4 feet tall.
• Leaves are covered in short, dense hairs that may require a magnifying glass to see. Leaves are likely to have one margin with a rippled edge.
• Woolly cupgrass plants can produce multiple flushes throughout the growing season.
• A single plant can produce up to 170,000 seeds, and seeds can survive in the soil for up to five years. Even when woolly cupgrass plants are extremely stressed, this weed is still able to produce more than 28,000 seeds per plant.1

Control Tips

Woolly cupgrass poses a greater challenge compared with typical grass weeds due to its prolonged emergence patterns, larger seed reserves and the ability to sprout from greater soil depths. This plant has been observed to emerge after herbicide residual activity stops, causing yield loss in some cases.

• Work with your customers to plan a program approach to weed control, and time herbicide applications to ensure fields are safe from both broadleaves and grasses.
• For the most effective woolly cupgrass control, begin each season with a clean, weed-free seedbed to maximize yield. A critical follow-up component is a two-pass herbicide program approach that uses multiple modes of action.
• In corn, a good preemergence choice is SureStart® II herbicide followed by a timely postemergence application of Resicore® herbicide. Realm® Q herbicide also can be used postemergence to provide an alternative mode of action against grasses.
• In soybeans, consider adding EverpreX® herbicide to your post emergence pass for control of woolly cupgrass.

Article Link

1 Hartzler, B., and M. Anderson “Woolly Cupgrass.” 2023. https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/encyclopedia/woolly-cupgrass. ™ ® Trademarks of Corteva Agriscience and its affiliated companies. EverpreX®, Realm® Q, Resicore® and SureStart® II are not registered for sale or use in all states. Resicore and SureStart II are not available for sale, distribution or use in Nassau and Suffolk counties in the state of New York. Contact your state pesticide regulatory agency to determine if a product is registered for sale or use in your state. Always read and follow label directions. © 2024 Corteva.

What Can Be Done About Late-Season Weeds?

If your customers are experiencing weed escapes, you may be asking yourself: Which products are available that can control late-season weeds? And is it worth spraying those fields again?

“Fortunately, late-emerging weeds don’t pose a very big threat to yield,” says Ron Geis, Market Development Specialist, Corteva Agriscience. “However, their offspring can plague a field for several years, so preventing late-emerging weeds from seeding still benefits customers.”

The best thing to do after a postemergence application is to intensively scout fields. Encourage customers to look for disease symptoms, insect damage and, of course, weed escapes. If there are still weeds present, they may want to consider hand-spraying weeds in the field or physical weed removal to lower populations of weed seed.

If there are trouble spots, a preharvest or postharvest strategy may be needed. This also is a good planning exercise for the following year. Knowing specific weed problems and where the trouble spots are will keep your customers on the right track.

When applying herbicides early next season, remind customers to always include residual products to help manage later weed flushes and keep the total weed seedbank low.

“Growers have been seeing great postemergence residual control in corn with Resicore® herbicide and in soybeans with EverpreX® herbicide,” Geis says.
“We’re also excited about more weed control options coming down the Corteva Agriscience pipeline, such as Kyro™ herbicide, one of the newest solutions in our corn herbicide portfolio.”

Kyro is the first corn herbicide to combine the three proven modes of action of acetochlor, clopyralid and topramezone in a single premix for both postemergence and residual control of more than 65 of the toughest broadleaf and grass weeds.

Consider Fall Burndown Applications

Your customers can take action against weeds this fall with a burndown application. Burndown applications provide farmers with numerous benefits, including a more streamlined workload with fewer hours of spring work, better-prepared fields at planting and the opportunity for increased yield come next harvest.

Field management is a never-ending cycle and one that takes continuous attention and care. Weeds are always evolving, and so are the solutions to control them. By treating weed control as a year-round job, your customers can continue to be proactive against weed challenges.

Article Link

™ ® Trademarks of Corteva Agriscience and its affiliated companies. EverpreX®, Kyro™ and Resicore® are not registered for sale or use in all states. Kyro and Resicore are not available for sale, distribution or use in Nassau and Suffolk counties in the state of New York. Contact your state pesticide regulatory agency to determine if a product is registered for sale or use in your state. Always read and follow label directions. © 2024 Corteva.

Groundwork – July 20

Tillage Effects on Weed Management

Since the beginning of agriculture, tillage in some fashion has been used to prepare a seedbed and manage weeds that use nutrients and water. Tillage can be used in the spring, in-season (rotary hoe, cultivation), and after harvest as a single tactic weed management tool or in combination with other control tactics such as herbicides, cover crops, and flame. The weeds in any given field help determine which tillage system, if any, should be used. Therefore, the weed species in a conventional tillage system can be very different than those in a no-till system.1 The biology and growth habits of annual, biennial, and perennial weeds can greatly affect the type of tillage and tillage equipment necessary for managing weeds. Weeds are propagated by seeds, rhizomes, runners, and tubers; therefore, different control tactics are required for successful management.

Figure 1. Moldboard plow at Bayer Learning Center, Gothenburg, NE. Where appropriate, moldboard plowing can bury weed seed below germination levels.

Tillage Prior to Planting
Controlling weeds with tillage prior to planting is a major method to reduce weed density and is often referred to as primary tillage. However, weed control can vary greatly depending on the tillage implement (Table 1). Annual weed control can be greatly enhanced if primary tillage is used in combination with delayed planting, which allows the annual species to germinate prior to the tillage operation.2 When considering using tillage as a primary weed control method consider the tradeoffs between the yield of a later planted crop against the need for tillage as a weed control tactic. If tillage is delayed until weeds become larger, the effectiveness of tillage can be reduced. Summer annual weeds that are not killed by tillage can be more difficult to control with herbicides later in the season.3 Additionally, weeds that are injured by tillage and not killed can be harder to kill with herbicides because of their injured vascular tissue limiting the spread of the herbicide through the weed. Some examples of primary tillage implements are the moldboard plow and chisel plow, with the moldboard plow being more effective in burying weeds and weed seeds (Figure 1).

Secondary tillage is not as disruptive as primary tillage and is mainly used to prepare the seedbed. Secondary tillage controls small seedlings and germinating annual weeds by desiccation; therefore, it is best used when soil conditions are dry and temperatures are high.

The stale seedbed system employs an early tillage operation to stimulate weed seed germination (usually 30 days prior to planting). This is followed by a secondary, usually light, tillage operation to destroy the emerging seedlings prior to planting. The use of the stale seedbed system can help deplete weed seed banks, but control of the weeds that germinate should be as complete as possible to prevent replenishing the bank.(3)

In addition to reducing growing weeds, primary and secondary tillage can change the distribution of weed seed in the soil profile, which can influence germination and seedling establishment. In some cases, seed can get buried by tillage to a depth that retards germination (moldboard plow) and in others, tillage brings seed to the surface, providing an environment suitable for germination.3 In a multi-state university study, the percent of germinating Amaranthus species seed from a depth of 5.9 to 9.8 inches (15 to 25 cm) was dramatically reduced compared to depths of 0 to 5.9 inches (0 to 15 cm) (Table 2).4 The optimum emergence depth for different weeds can vary (Table 3).3 Should a field, particularly a no-till field, develop high populations of herbicide resistant weeds that become unmanageable with chemistry, cover crops, or other methods, a one-time deep moldboard plowing might be a consideration to help return the field to a manageable weed level (Table 3).

Generally, perennial weeds and small-seeded weeds (i.e., lambsquarter) are more common in no-till systems as the roots of the perennials are undisturbed and small-seeded weed seeds are not buried below the germination depth. On the other hand, some large-seeded weeds such as pitted morningglory may be unable to become established when seeds are left on the soil surface.(3)

Tillage After Planting
There are two tillage types used for managing weeds after planting: blind cultivation and inter-row cultivation. Blind cultivation is done without regard to the crop rows and is usually used to dislodge small weeds; the most common implement used for blind cultivation is a rotary hoe (Figure 2). Plant size dictates the time limit on the use of blind cultivation. While corn and soybean are good candidates for blind cultivation, small-seeded crops are not as they can become easily dislodged. Timing is critical for blind cultivation to be successful; the “white thread” stage (seed has germinated but not emerged) of weed seed germination is associated with the most consistent control.(3)

Inter-row cultivation has become more precise and can be done with more speed with the advent of guidance support systems. While they were originally designed for low residue systems, equipment modifications now allow for use in higher residue systems. Usually there is more time to use inter-row cultivation with row crops as compared to using blind cultivation.

In summary, tillage can be used as a single tactic to manage weeds; however, it is important to know the weed species present in a field along with their growth habits for best tillage management. Primary, secondary, and blind tillage use different implements to kill weeds, dislodge weeds from the soil, or bury weed seeds. Consideration should be given to the use of tillage in conjunction with other cultural and chemical tactics to provide a more consistent and sustainable weed management program.

Figure 2. A rotary hoe can dislodge small weeds in a growing crop.

Article Link

Sources
1Buhler, D. 1995. Influence of tillage systems on weed population dynamics and management in corn and soybean in the central USA. Crop Science 35(5):1247-1258.
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183X003500050001x
2Hager, A. 2013. Control weeds before planting. University of Illinois Extension. farmdoc.

Control Weeds before Planting

3Cahoon, C., Curran, W. and Sandy, D. 2019. A practical guide for integrated weed management in Mid-Atlantic grain crops. VanGessel, M. (ed.) Pennsylvania State University, University of Delaware, Virginia Tech, and West Virginia University.
https://growiwm.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IWMguide.pdf?x75253&x71059
4Farmer, J.A., Bradley, K.W., Young, B.G., Steckel, L.E., Johnson, W.G., Norsworthy, J.K., Davis, V.M., and Loux, M.M. 2017. Influence of tillage method on management of Amaranthus species in soybean. Weed Technology, 31, 10-20. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-16-00061.1
Additional source: Mohler, C.L., Teasdale, J.R., and DiTommaso, A. 2021. Chapter 4. Mechanical and other physical weed management. Manage Weeds on Your Farm. Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE). National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

Legal Statements
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW PESTICIDE LABEL DIRECTIONS. Performance may vary , from location to location and from year to year, as local growing, soil and environmental conditions may vary. Growers should evaluate data from multiple locations and years whenever possible and should consider the impacts of these conditions on their growing environment. The recommendations in this material are based upon trial observations and feedback received from a limited number of growers and growing environments. These recommendations should be consid-ered as one reference point and should not be substituted for the professional opinion of agronomists, entomologists or other relevant experts evaluating specific conditions. Bayer and Bayer Cross are registered trademarks of Bayer Group. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. ©2023 Bayer Group. All rights reserved. 1223_54011

Optimize Weed Control by Avoiding Tank-Mix Mistakes

*This content was previously published by Corteva Agriscience.

While tank-mixing can bring you and your customers improved weed control, convenience and efficiencies, each product added to the tank also increases the potential for negative interactions. Physical incompatibilities can clump or gel an entire tank, and chemical incompatibilities often can result in reduced efficacy or crop injury.

Joe Bolte, Market Development Specialist, Corteva Agriscience, says incorrect product order, moving through steps too quickly and failure to agitate the mixture are all common mistakes that lead to incompatibilities and reduced product efficacy. The good news is that each of these mistakes can be avoided.

5 ways to avoid common tank-mix mistakes

Do your research. Because there are so many types of herbicide formulations, knowing when to add each product to the tank can be confusing. Make sure you’re set up for success by reading all label directions and formulation information available. Many labels will tell you about the order in which you should tank-mix with other products, the agitation requirements and any product restrictions.
Perform a jar test with your proposed tank-mix. Don’t waste time and money by going straight to mixing products in the tank. “Jar tests are a great way to test compatibility issues before heading out into the field,” Bolte says.
Begin with a half-full tank of water carrier. Using low water volumes and high rates of crop protection products increases risk of incompatibility.
Agitate chemical containers before each use. When liquid herbicides sit for long periods of time, they begin to separate. Therefore, it is important to shake the chemical jugs before use. This will help ensure the proper ratio of actives is getting mixed into the sprayer. Also, agitate the mixture itself throughout the process to keep things from settling.
Take your time. Allow time for proper agitation, time for water conditioning and time between each new product added. If ammonium sulfate (AMS) is required, make sure the water conditioner has had enough time to circulate before adding any liquid herbicides. “Since many liquid herbicides can be tied up by hard water, we want to make sure the AMS has enough time to condition the water,” Bolte explains. “Failing to condition the water can reduce herbicide performance.”

The bottom line

There are many benefits to combining crop protection products, but a successful tank-mix requires research, testing and attention to detail. Work with your Corteva Agriscience representative to find products that offer tank-mix compatibility to fit your crop protection needs.

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Tips For Corn Weed Management When You Have Delays

Planning is the bedrock of farming, but—as often is the case—farmers should consider what happens when things don’t go according to plan. This is particularly true with the farm weed management plan (WMP). A wet spring or fall can impact a farmer’s ability to use tillage or apply a herbicide prior to planting. However, there are several herbicide products that can be applied PRE and POST in corn to overcome this challenge. Although there is some flexibility in timing, applying these herbicides as soon as possible after planting may decrease the risk of poor herbicide performance. When a weed control tactic is delayed, weeds will continue to grow, and application rates may need to be increased to provide satisfactory weed control. Rotational crop interval restrictions must also be kept in mind with later-than-normal applications. As with all pesticides, read and understand the label for each product prior to application.

Q. I planned to use tillage to take out existing weeds before I planted, but it was too wet. What are some options?

A. A burndown herbicide program can help reduce weeds prior to planting. DiFlexx® herbicide, DiFlexx® DUO herbicide, Roundup PowerMAX® herbicide, or XtendiMax® herbicide with VaporGrip® Technology (a Restricted Use Pesticide, RUP) are products that can be used or included in a tank mix prior to planting. Consult each product label to determine use requirements and possible tank mix options. Each field should be scouted to determine weed species and size prior to selecting the best product. While not optimal, late burndown in corn is not catastrophic. Because of the residual activity of some corn herbicides (e.g., atrazine) on weeds that have emerged, XtendiMax® herbicide with VaporGrip® Technology (RUP) and DiFlexx® herbicide can be used for control of emerged weeds around the time of planting and after the crop has emerged.

Q. Is there a flexible burndown or residual program that lets me plant corn or soybean?

A. While there are products that will work with corn or soybean, it is important to keep in mind that application rates and wait periods may differ for each crop. Also keep in mind that tank mixes with other products may increase the efficacy of the herbicide.

• Some burndown herbicides that can be used in corn or soybean include:
» 2,4-D LVE
» BASIS® Blend
» Elevore™ Herbicide
» glyphosate
» Gramoxone® SL 3.0 herbicide/paraquat 3 lb per gallon
» Harmony® Extra SG herbicide
» Audit® 1:1 Herbicide
» Liberty® 280 Herbicide
» Reviton® herbicide
» Sharpen® Herbicide

• Some residual broadleaf herbicides that can be used in corn or soybean include:
» Lorox® L
» metribuzin
» Python® Herbicide
» Valor® EZ Herbicide

• Some residual grass/broadleaf herbicides that can be used in corn or soybean include:
» Verdict® Powered by Kixor® Herbicide
» Zidua® SC herbicide
» Anthem® MAXX herbicide
» Anthem® Flex herbicide
» Fierce® Herbicide

Q. I planned to use a burndown product to take out weeds before I planted, but did not. What are some options?

A. If you have selected a corn product with Roundup Ready® 2 Technology, Roundup PowerMAX® herbicide can be used PRE through the V8 growth stage or until corn plant height reaches 30 inches, whichever comes first. Additional burndown choices that can be used after planting any field corn seed product include XtendiMax® herbicide with VaporGrip® Technology (a Restricted Use Pesticide, RUP), DiFlexx® herbicide, Diflexx® DUO herbicide, and Laudis® Herbicide (applied up to the V8 growth stage) which can be applied to emerged corn.

If weeds are 3 inches tall or less, Capreno® herbicide can be used as a burndown and provide early season residual control. It is recommended that the product be applied as soon as possible after planting to control emerged weeds. Using a product or tank mixing with a product that provides early residual control can also be beneficial if a planned burndown could not be used before planting. Products like Capreno® herbicide and Harness® MAX Herbicide can help extend residual activity when tank mixed with your other herbicide options. Capreno® herbicide can be used for foliar and residual control of grass and broadleaf weeds, while Harness® MAX can be used for foliar control of broadleaf weeds and residual control of both grass and broadleaf weeds. Laudis® Herbicide is another option that can add foliar control and a short-term residual on grass and broadleaf weeds.

Q. I want to add a residual product with my burndown prior to planting. What are some options?

A. Including atrazine can help provide control of many broadleaf weeds and some grass species. Balance® Flexx herbicide can help provide control of both grass and broadleaf weeds. These herbicides—in combination with a premix acetochlor brand such as Degree Xtra® Herbicide, Harness® Xtra Herbicide, or Harness® Xtra 5.6L Herbicide—can provide good control with multiple effective sites of action for weed control. Corvus® herbicide is a premium in-can mixture for full spectrum weed control that is recommended for use with atrazine for season long residual control. TripleFLEX® Herbicide and Harness® MAX Herbicide provide residual control of grass and broadleaf weeds, and can be used outside of areas where there are atrazine or isoxaflutole (the active ingredients in Corvus® herbicide and Balance® Flexx herbicide) restrictions. Check labels and consult locally with experts for a local, tailored solution.

Q. What herbicide can I apply after corn has emerged when both a burndown and residual control are needed for early season weeds?

A. For control of emerged weeds, Roundup PowerMAX® herbicide can be used PRE through the V8 stage or until corn plant height reaches 30 inches, whichever comes first, on field corn products with Roundup Ready 2 Technology®. Laudis® herbicide can be tank mixed with glyphosate products for enhanced control of broadleaf weeds, some grasses, and glyphosate-tolerant weeds. Additionally, when glyphosate-tolerant weeds are a concern, DiFlexx herbicide, which is a dicamba product, or DiFlexx® DUO herbicide, which contains dicamba and tembotrione, can be broadcast applied to corn up to the V7 stage or 36 inches crop height, whichever comes first. Both of these products include a safener.

Q. What are some overall general recommendations when weed control is delayed?

A. Some general recommendations when the weed management plan (WMP) is delayed are:

• Increase glyphosate rates to at least 1.5 lb acid equivalent/A. Note, usually this will not provide control of marestail but it should on other weeds.
• Use 2,4-D ester in the mix, even if it means waiting another 7 days to plant soybean.
• Consider having the burndown custom applied if labor or time is short.
• Add a saflufenacil herbicide to improve control with glyphosate/2,4-D; as long as the residual herbicides in the mix do include flumioxazin, sulfentrazone, or fomesafen if the application is made within 14 days of soybean planting.
• Consider substituting Gramoxone® or glufosinate for glyphosate. Either one should ideally be applied with metribuzin and 2,4-D. Use the higher, labeled rates and a spray volume of 15 to 20 gpa for best results. However, in a no-till production system with large weeds, high rates of glyphosate may be more effective then Gramoxone® or glufosinate as long as glyphosate-resistant weeds are not present.
• It is possible to substitute tillage for burndown herbicides. Make sure that the tillage is deep and thorough enough to completely uproot weeds. If weeds re-grow after tillage, they will be very difficult to control later in the season.

Article Link

Sources
2016. Adjusting no-till burndown programs for later planting. Ohio State University Extension. C.O.R.N. Newsletter 2016-10. https://agcrops.osu.edu/newsletter/corn-newsletter/2015-10/adjusting-no-till- burndown-programs-later-planting
Lingenfelter, D. 2023. Flexible burndown herbicide programs for corn or soybean. Pennsylvania State University Extension. https://extension.psu.edu/flexible-burndown-herbicide-programs-for-corn-or-soybean

Legal Statements
XtendiMax® herbicide with VaporGrip® Technology is a restricted use pesticide and must be used with VaporGrip® Xtra Agent (or an equivalent volatility reduction adjuvant). For approved tank-mix prod-ucts (including VRAs and DRAs), nozzles and other important label information visit XtendiMaxApplicationRequirements.com. Applicators must check XtendiMaxApplicationRequirements.com no more than 7 days before application of this product for additional labeling, including state restrictions. Where applicable, users must comply with additional requirements found on this website. ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW PESTICIDE LABEL DIRECTIONS. Performance may vary , from location to location and from year to year, as local growing, soil and environmental conditions may vary. Growers should evaluate data from multiple locations and years whenever possible and should consider the impacts of these conditions on their growing environment. The recommendations in this material are based upon trial observations and feedback received from a limited number of growers and growing environments. These recommendations should be consid-ered as one reference point and should not be substituted for the professional opinion of agronomists, entomologists or other relevant experts evaluating specific conditions. Balance® Flexx, Corvus®, Degree Xtra®, Harness® Xtra Herbicide and XtendiMax® are restricted use pesticides. Not all products are registered for use in all states and may be subject to use restrictions. The distribution, sale, or use of an unregistered pesticide is a violation of federal and/or state law and is strictly prohibited. Check with your local dealer or representative for the product registration status in your state. Tank mixtures: The applicable labeling for each product must be in the possession of the user at the time of application. Follow applicable use instructions, including application rates, precautions and restrictions of each product used in the tank mixture. Not all tank mix product formulations have been tested for compatibility or performance other than specifically listed by brand name. Always predetermine the compatibility of tank mixtures by mixing small proportional quantities in advance. Balance®, Bayer, Bayer Cross, Capreno®, Corvus®, Degree Xtra®, DiFlexx®, Harness®, Laudis® , Roundup PowerMAX®, Roundup Ready 2 Technology and Design®, Roundup Ready®, TripleFLEX®, VaporGrip® and XtendiMax® are registered trademarks of Bayer Group. Gramoxone® is a registered trademark of a Syngenta group company. Liberty® is a trademark of BASF Corporation. Fierce® and Valor® are registered trademarks of Valent U.S.A. Corporation. Some of the product(s) discussed herein are restricted use pesticide(s) and may not be registered in all states. The distribution, sale, or use of an unregistered pesticide is a violation of federal and/or state law and is strictly prohibited. Check with your local dealer or product representative for the product registration status in your state. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. For additional product information call toll-free 1-866-99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our website at www.BayerCropScience.us. Bayer CropScience LP, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63167. ©2023 Bayer Group. All rights reserved. 1223_52201

Using Crop Rotation as an Insect Management Tool in Corn

What insects can be controlled by rotating away from corn?

Insects that overwinter in the field, are not mobile, and are host-specific to corn can be controlled with rotation away from corn to another crop. For example, the Northern, Western, and Mexican corn rootworms overwinter as eggs in the soil of corn fields and are host-specific to corn, thus rotation to a non-corn crop can effectively control them. However, although the European corn borer overwinters as a larva in corn debris and the Western bean cutworm overwinters as a larva in the soil, both emerge as moths and can move to other corn fields unimpacted by rotation away from corn. See Table 1 for listing of select corn insect pests an impact of crop rotation.

Table 1. Selected insects and impact of crop rotation on injury.
Insect	Controlled by Rotating away from Corn	Explanation
Corn Rootworm (Western, Northern, Mexican)	Yes	Except for populations of Northern corn rootworm with extended diapause and populations of the variant Western corn rootworms.
Southern corn rootworm	No	The southern corn rootworm migrates into the corn belt as an adult and deposits eggs in existing corn fields
White grub	No	Grubs overwinter in the soil and are often more of economic concern when corn follows pasture, grass, or some cases soybean.
Western bean cutworm	No	Larvae overwinter in the soil of corn fields, and moths can fly to corn fields the following season.
European corn borer	No	Larvae overwinter in the within corn debris, and moths can fly to corn fields the following season.
Black cutworm	No	Moths overwinter in South Texas and Mexico and use storm fronts in the spring to migrate north.
Corn earworm	No	Moths overwinter in the southern states and migrate north during the growing season.
True Armyworm	No	Moths overwinter in the southern states and migrate north during the growing season.
Fall Armyworm	No	Moths overwinter in the southern states and migrate north during the growing season.
Billbug	Yes	Rotation of corn with a non-grass crop reduces the levels by starvation and by preventing reproduction.
Chinch bug	No	Adults migrate into corn fields.
Wireworm	No	Larvae overwinter in the soil and are often more of economic concern when corn follows pasture or sod.

Can the corn traits for insect protection selected for my field break the corn rootworm lifecycle?

It depends. Crop protection relying on a single trait (such as a single gene for a B.t. toxin) also relies on corn rootworm populations being susceptible to the toxin conferred by the trait. Populations of corn rootworm identified as being tolerant to a specific toxin can still be managed by corn products with multiple insect protection traits (in other words, multiple genes for multiple toxins). However, if corn rootworm populations have been increasing in the field, resistance or tolerance to the toxins may only be part of the story. In some regions northern corn rootworms can have an extended diapause allowing them to circumvent the corn-soybean rotation strategy and emerge as larva when corn is planted again. The western corn rootworm has a behavioral variant and can feed on soybean plants and lay eggs in soybean fields. The larvae then hatch and feed on corn planted after soybean. These insects should be managed with (1) in-row insecticide, (2) crop rotation, and (3) insect protection traits, especially in areas with or years following high insect activity.

Is a three-year crop rotation better than a two-year crop rotation to reduce corn rootworms with extended diapause?

It is possible to diminish northern corn rootworm biotypes with extended diapause with longer crop rotations. Insects with an extended period of dormancy during some stages of development are difficult to control with a crop rotation strategy.

Why isn’t crop rotation effective against more corn insects?

Crop rotation helps to break the life cycle of insects with limited mobility and in fields with limited plant hosts between harvest and planting of the next crop. However, most insects that attack corn emerge from overwintering as adults and migrate to host plants. Corn earworm and black cutworms moths travel hundreds of miles from the south each year to re-infest fields in the Corn Belt. These types of migratory insects are not controlled well with crop rotation. Crop rotation can be used to manage corn rootworms as females lay eggs in the soil at the base of the corn plants. The larvae have no known other agricultural host plant, so if corn is not planted, the newly hatched larvae will starve.

What other cultural tactics can be used to help manage potential insect injury?

Tillage
- Insects that feed on seed and young seedlings are typically found in the soil or at the soil surface. Wireworms, cutworms, white grubs, and seed corn beetle are some of the insect pests affected by tillage either directly or indirectly. Residue accumulation on the soil surface provides protection for insects and can lead to increased injury to corn seed and small seedlings as observed more commonly in no-tillage or minimum tillage culture versus conventional tillage. Typically, early spring tillage incorporates the residue and brings many pests to the surface that attracts large numbers of birds. Birds flock behind tillage implements and prey on exposed insects. The combined action of these factors kills and disrupts populations of potential pests and can give meaningful protection to planted seed and small seedlings. Additionally, tillage destroys weeds that can harbor insects or attract females to deposit eggs in the field, such as the black cutworm moth.
Soil Fertility
- Maintaining optimal soil pH and fertility are essential to vigorous plant growth and high yield potential, which can be critical to the crop’s ability to perform in the presence of pests. The use of starter or banded fertilizers to promote seedling growth can be helpful in reducing damage for seedling pests, especially on cool, wet-natured soils and in no-tillage, where early growth is often slow.
Rapid Seed Germination and Emergence
- Rapid germination and seedling growth reduces the time corn seedlings spend in the most vulnerable stages, from germination to the V6 stage. Therefore, ensure management factors that promote early germination (e.g. planter operation, product selection, starter fertilizer) are used in conjunction with planting when soil conditions are fit for germination and plant growth.
Product Selection
- Corn products vary in their ability to withstand insect pests. Rapid germination, early vigor, strong ear shanks, tight husks, resistance to stalk rots, strong stalks, and uniform performance over a wide seeding rate range are all factors influenced by corn product genetics that can influence losses to insects. Seedling insects, stalk borers, and ear feeding insects are most influenced by corn product traits. Products with Bt traits for below and above ground pests can have a large impact on corn rootworms and many caterpillar pests.

How does crop rotation impact other crop management practices?

Rotations and Plant Diseases
- Crop rotation can break many disease cycles, both in no-till and conservation tillage systems. Crop residue can contain inoculum for many important diseases in corn, thus rotations that use nonhost crops or resistant seed products provide an opportunity for the residues to decompose. This should decrease the risk of disease. Because certain diseases persist in the soil, there are some diseases, such as seedling damping off (Pythium spp.) and root rots (Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium spp.), that can be managed only by combining the rotation with other techniques. Additional methods might include using appropriate seed treatments, delaying seeding, and installing tile drainage.
Rotations and Weed Management
- Rotation can impact weed populations and diversity. Rotations provide the opportunity to rotate the herbicide mode of action, which should reduce the risk of creating herbicide-resistant weeds. The use of a “stacked” rotation can be effective in reducing this risk. In a stacked rotation, the same or very similar crops are grown two years in a row and then skipped for four or more years (e.g., corn-corn/soybean-soybean/wheat-wheat), this can allow the use of herbicides with long residuals in the first year of each crop while maintaining a long period (four years) where the land is rotated to other crops.
Rotation, Residue, and Nutrient Availability
- Corn produces more residue than either soybeans or small grains. While this is an asset for building soil organic matter and protecting the soil from erosion it does present challenges, particularly in no-till systems. Forming a seedbed, controlling pests, and recycling nutrients can be more challenging. Soybeans tend to tolerate high-residue situations better than many other crops. The persistence of corn residue may slow nutrient recycling and the release of N from decaying stover. Following corn with a legume crop such as soybeans can help overcome this problem.
Impacts on Yield in a Corn-Soybean System
- Studies at many universities have observed a 10 to 22% yield benefit for corn grown in rotation with soybeans compared to a continuous corn cropping pattern. A 15-year Wisconsin study found that the corn-soybean rotation was more profitable than continuous corn and rotations that include oats and alfalfa. In many fields, there is a corn yield decrease of about 5% to 15% for second-year corn relative to first-year corn. However, yield reductions generally stabilize after the third-year corn.

Article Link

Sources
Stoner, K.A. 2012. Management of insect pests with crop rotation and field layout. Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education. https://www.sare.org/publications/crop-rotation-on-organic-farms/physical-and-biological-processes-in-crop-production/management-of-insect-pests-with-crop-rotation-and-field-layout/.
Ahumada, D, and Reisig, D. 2019. Cultural practices for corn insect pests, North Carolina State University. https://corn.ces.ncsu.edu/corn-insect-management/cultural-practices-for-corn-insect-pests/
Sexton, P. 2019. Crop rotations can increase corn profitability and reduce pests. South Dakota State University. https://extension.sdstate.edu/sites/default/files/2019-09/S-0003-09-Corn.pdf

Legal Statements
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW PESTICIDE LABEL DIRECTIONS. Performance may vary, from location to location and from year to year, as local growing, soil and environmental conditions may vary. Growers should evaluate data from multiple locations and years whenever possible and should consider the impacts of these conditions on their growing environment. The recommendations in this material are based upon trial observations and feedback received from a limited number of growers and growing environments. These recommendations should be consid-ered as one reference point and should not be substituted for the professional opinion of agronomists, entomologists or other relevant experts evaluating specific conditions. Bayer and Bayer Cross are registered trademarks of Bayer Group. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. ©2023 Bayer Group. All rights reserved. 1215_98943

Tillage Effects on Weed Management

Figure 1. Moldboard plow at Bayer Learning Center, Gothenburg, NE. Where appropriate, moldboard plowing can bury weed seed below germination levels.

Tillage prior to planting

Controlling weeds with tillage prior to planting is a major method to reduce weed density and is often referred to as primary tillage. However, weed control can vary greatly depending on the tillage implement (Table 1). Annual weed control can be greatly enhanced if primary tillage is used in combination with delayed planting, which allows the annual species to germinate prior to the tillage operation. When considering using tillage as a primary weed control method consider the tradeoffs between the yield of a later planted crop against the need for tillage as a weed control tactic. If tillage is delayed until weeds become larger, the effectiveness of tillage can be reduced. Summer annual weeds that are not killed by tillage can be more difficult to control with herbicides later in the season. Additionally, weeds that are injured by tillage and not killed can be harder to kill with herbicides because of their injured vascular tissue limiting the spread of the herbicide through the weed. Some examples of primary tillage implements are the moldboard plow and chisel plow, with the moldboard plow being more effective in burying weeds and weed seeds (Figure 1).

Table 1. Weed Control Rating for Various Tillage Implements*
Implement	Seedlings	Established Annuals or Biennials	Sample Perennials	Creeping Perennials	Burying Annual Weed Seed
Moldboard Plow	Good	Good	Good	Fair	Good
Chisel Plow	Good	Fair	Fair	Poor	Fair
Disk Harrow	Good	Good	Good	Poor	Poor
Field Cultivator	Good	Poor	Poor	Poor	Poor
*Adapted from A practical guide for integrated weed management in Mid-Atlantic grain crops.3

Table 2. Percent comparison of Amaranthus species seed emergence from various depths by tillage method in 2014*
	0 to 1.9 inches (0 to 5 cm)	1.9 to 5.9 inches (5 to 15 cm)	5.9 to 9.8 inches (15 to 25 cm)
Tillage Type	Percent of Total Seed Emerged
No-till	71 to 81	17 to 25	0 to 9
Minimum Tillage	77 to 100	0 to 20	0 to 8
Conventional Tillage	71 to 77	22 to 29	0 to 5
Deep Tillage	20 to 25	63 to 80	0 to 13
*Dr. Kevin Bradley, University of Missouri. Influence of Tillage Methods on Management of Amaranthus Species in Soybean.4 Data from one site each in Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Tennessee, and Wisconsin and two sites in Missouri. Data used with the permission of Dr. Bradley.

In addition to reducing growing weeds, primary and secondary tillage can change the distribution of weed seed in the soil profile, which can influence germination and seedling establishment. In some cases, seed can get buried by tillage to a depth that retards germination (moldboard plow) and in others, tillage brings seed to the surface, providing an environment suitable for germination. In a multi-state university study, the percent of germinating Amaranthus species seed from a depth of 5.9 to 9.8 inches (15 to 25 cm) was dramatically reduced compared to depths of 0 to 5.9 inches (0 to 15 cm) (Table 2). The optimum emergence depth for different weeds can vary (Table 3). Should a field, particularly a no-till field, develop high populations of herbicide resistant weeds that become unmanageable with chemistry, cover crops, or other methods, a one-time deep moldboard plowing might be a consideration to help return the field to a manageable weed level (Tables 3).

Table 3. Average optimum emergence depth for six common weed species*
Weed Species	Emergence Depth (inches)
Broadleaf signalgrass	0 to 3/8
Common ragweed	0 to 1 9/16
Horseweed (marestail)	0 to 3/16
Palmer amaranth	0 to 1/2
Pitted morningglory	1 9/16
Slender amaranth	3/16 to 13/16
*Adapted from A practical guide for integrated weed management in Mid-Atlantic grain crops.3

Tillage after planting

There are two tillage types used for managing weeds after planting: blind cultivation and inter-row cultivation. Blind cultivation is done without regard to the crop rows and is usually used to dislodge small weeds; the most common implement used for blind cultivation is a rotary hoe (Figure 2). Plant size dictates the time limit on the use of blind cultivation. While corn and soybean are good candidates for blind cultivation, small-seeded crops are not as they can become easily dislodged. Timing is critical for blind cultivation to be successful; the “white thread”
stage (seed has germinated but not emerged) of weed seed germination is associated with the most consistent control.

Figure 2. A rotary hoe can dislodge small weeds in a growing crop.

Article Link

Sources
Buhler, D. 1995. Influence of tillage systems on weed population dynamics and management in corn and soybean in the central USA. Crop Science 35(5):1247-1258. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183X003500050001x
Hager, A. 2013. Control weeds before planting. University of Illinois Extension. farmdoc. https://farmdoc.illinois.edu/field-crop-production/weeds/control-weeds-before-planting.html
Cahoon, C., Curran, W. and Sandy, D. 2019. A practical guide for integrated weed management in Mid-Atlantic grain crops. VanGessel, M. (ed.) Pennsylvania State University, University of Delaware, Virginia Tech, and West Virginia University.
https://growiwm.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IWMguide.pdf?x75253&x71059
Farmer, J.A., Bradley, K.W., Young, B.G., Steckel, L.E., Johnson, W.G., Norsworthy, J.K., Davis, V.M., and Loux, M.M. 2017. Influence of tillage method on management of Amaranthus species in soybean. Weed Technology, 31, 10-20. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-16-00061.1
Additional source:
Mohler, C.L., Teasdale, J.R., and DiTommaso, A. 2021. Chapter 4. Mechanical and other physical weed management. Manage Weeds on Your Farm. Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE). National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

Legal Statements
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW PESTICIDE LABEL DIRECTIONS. Performance may vary , from location to location and from year to year, as local growing, soil and environmental conditions may vary. Growers should evaluate data from multiple locations and years whenever possible and should consider the impacts of these conditions on their growing environment. The recommendations in this material are based upon trial observations and feedback received from a limited number of growers and growing environments. These recommendations should be consid-ered as one reference point and should not be substituted for the professional opinion of agronomists, entomologists or other relevant experts evaluating specific conditions. Bayer and Bayer Cross are registered trademarks of Bayer Group. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. ©2023 Bayer Group. All rights reserved. 1223_54011

Kochia Management in Corn

Kochia (Bassia scoparia) is a problematic, summer annual broadleaf that reproduces by seed. Other common names include summer cypress and burningbush.(1) After maturity, it is often referred to as a tumbleweed when the stem snaps and it rolls across fields with the wind.

Depending on growing conditions and surrounding competition (crop, wasteland), kochia can be a robust plant of six feet or more and upright under competition or three to four feet and bushy when competition is absent. Kochia is tolerant of heat, drought, and saline soils; therefore, it can be found thriving under growing conditions that other plant species are unable to survive. Its survival under poor growing conditions can be attributed to rooting depth and width that can extend to 16.4 feet and 22.9 feet or more, respectively.(2)

A kochia plant can produce 15,000 to upwards of 25,000 seeds/plant or more. The seeds are dispersed by harvesting, tillage tools, wildlife, and by the tumbleweed factor. Most seeds die within one year; however, viability can be two to three years. Because of early spring germination at temperatures around 35° to 39° F, kochia seedlings can become large and established before other weeds germinate. Though most seeds germinate in the spring, it is not unusual to see seedlings throughout the growing season.(1)

Seedlings form a small rosette and have thick, dull-green leaves, and the cotyledon undersides are usually bright pink or magenta (Figure 1). As the plants grow, the leaves become lance-shaped, pale green, and are covered with hairs (Figure 2). Kochia flowers are inconspicuous, green, and in clusters up to two inches long and occur at the end of stems and in leaf axils (Figure 3).

Management

Kochia can be difficult to manage in corn because of the quick early growth, lack of or limited herbicides for in-season use in corn, and herbicide resistance (Figure 4). By two inches in height, kochia roots can be nearly six inches deep and below the reach of typical herbicides in drier climates with little rainfall after application. Herbicide resistance in kochia has been verified for Group 2 (ALS) herbicides, Group 4 (dicamba) herbicides, Group 5 (triazine herbicides), and Group 9 (glyphosate herbicides). Additionally, there are kochia populations with verified resistance to multiple herbicides – either SUs and atrazine or SUs and glyphosate.(3)

Managing kochia in fields to be planted to corn should begin early. If fields had kochia the prior year, the potential is very high for kochia to be present the following year. When soil temperatures warm above freezing, scouting should be underway to identify and verify kochia germination and density. Tillage and pre-plant herbicides are two methods to help control early emerging kochia. Burndown herbicides to consider may include glyphosate, 2,4-D, dicamba, and atrazine. Tank mixes of two different modes of action (MOA) herbicides should also be considered to help manage herbicide resistant plants. Herbicide labels must be read to determine if the herbicide is a labeled product for the geographic area. Efficacy after application should be monitored to determine if resistant kochia plants are present. Cultivation may be an in-crop management tool to help manage resistant escapes.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) methods, including the rotation away from corn and use of labeled herbicides in the rotational crops, can be used to help manage kochia. Rotating to alfalfa or other haylage crops that involve mowing helps prevent kochia from setting seed and with seed viability being one to two years, elimination from the field has a high probability.

A weed survey conducted by Manitoba Agriculture found that kochia germination under no-till compared to conventional tillage was reduced resulting in 0.4 plants and 16.3 plants per 10.8 sq ft, respectively.1,4 This may be because kochia is a shallow germinator and favors drier, warmer soils which is conducive to conventional tillage.1 Therefore, switching to no-till may be an IPM option to help manage kochia.

Fallowing can be an IPM alternative as well. Under-seeding sweet clover with the crop prior to a fallow year and seeding a cover crop can compete with kochia. Sweet clover residue has demonstrated a suppressive effect on kochia growth when seeded as forage or green manure on fallow land. Additionally, sweet clover on fallow ground was found to reduce kochia germination by 80 per cent or more the following year compared to conventional fallow systems.(5)

Laudis

Laudis® Herbicide can be used postemergence in corn to manage kochia including biotypes resistant to herbicides Group 2, 4, 5, or 9 when applied at 3 fl oz/acre along with the recommended adjuvant system. Best control is achieved when kochia is less than 6-inches in height and actively growing. Laudis® Herbicide can be use in a tank mix with atrazine for additional weed management.

Article Link

Sources
1Managing kochia. Agriculture. Province of Manitoba Agriculture. https://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/weeds/print,managing-kochia.html.
2Kochia. Environmental Science. Bayer. https://www.environmentalscience.bayer.ca/vegetation-management/whattocontrol/kochia. 3Blackshaw, B., Beckie, H., Hall, L., Low, R. Glyphosate-resistant kochia. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. https://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$Department/deptdocs.nsf/all/crop14324/$FILE/au-2013-blackshaw-glyphosate-resis-tant-kochia.pdf. 4Comapring zero and conventional tillage. Province of Manitoba Agriculture. https://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/weeds/comparing-zero-and-conventional-tillage.html.
5Glyphosate resistant kochia. Agriculture Knowledge Centre. Saskatchewan. https://www.saskatchewan.ca/business/agriculture-natural-resources-and-industry/agribusiness-farmers-and-ranchers/crops-and-irrigation/weeds/glyphosate-resistant-kochia.
Casey, P. A. 2009. Plant guide for kochia (Bassia scoparia). USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Kansas Plant Materials Center. Manhattan, KS. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_PLANTMATERIALS/publications/kspmcfs9630.pdf.
Web sites verified 4/21/22.

Legal Statements
ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW PESTICIDE LABEL DIRECTIONS. Performance may vary, from location to location and from year to year, as local growing, soil and weather conditions may vary. Growers should evaluate data from multiple locations and years whenever possible and should consider the impacts of these conditions on the grower’s fields.
Not all products are registered for use in all states and may be subject to use restrictions. The distribution, sale, or use of an unregistered pesticide is a violation of federal and/or state law and is strictly prohibited. Check with your local dealer or representative for the product registration status in your state. Tank mixtures: The applicable labeling for each product must be in the possession of the user at the time of application. Follow applicable use instructions, including application rates, precautions and restrictions of each product used in the tank mixture. Not all tank mix product formulations have been tested for compatibility or performance other than specifically listed by brand name. Always predetermine the compatibility of tank mixtures by mixing small proportional quantities in advance. Bayer, Bayer Cross and Laudis® are registered trademarks of Bayer Group. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. For additional product information call toll-free 1-866-99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our website at www.BayerCropScience.us. Bayer CropScience LP, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63167. ©2022 Bayer Group. All rights reserved. 1223_27400