The western bean cutworm is native to the Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho area and migrated eastward to Ontario and New York by 2008 and the Maritimes by 2017. The primary host plants include corn and dry beans, but not soybeans. To date, females have not been found to lay eggs on snap beans (green beans); however, if eggs are placed on snap beans the larvae will complete development.
Biology
There is a single generation per year. Larvae overwinter in the soil and moths can emerge as early as June and last until September, but the peak emergence period is mid-July. The adult moth is an active flier at night and can be found resting in the whorl of corn during the day. Females can oviposit up to 600 eggs over their life, and the average is about 380 eggs. The female deposits eggs on the upper surface of corn leaves during vegetative growth stages, and after tasseling the eggs are laid on leaves closest to the ear or on the ear itself. Newly deposited eggs are bright white and barrel shaped with an average of about 50 eggs per mass (Figure 1). Prior to hatching, the eggs become purple (Figure 2), which is the color of the head capsule of the larvae showing through the eggshell. Depending on temperature, egg hatch can occur five to seven days after oviposition.
Larvae consume the eggshell and the subsequent feeding behavior of the larvae depends on the developmental stage of the plant. If the corn plant is in the VT stage, the larvae move to the tassel and feed on the tassel tissue and developing anthers (Figure 3). This feeding does not result in economic injury.
If the tassel has emerged, the larvae can be found in leaf axils feeding on dropped anthers and pollen. Larvae will also feed on silks. Upon the conclusion of pollen shed, larvae move to the ear tip and feed on developing kernels (Figure 4).
Larvae in the early developmental stages have subdued diamond shapes along the back. While mature larvae have brown bands behind the head. Mature larvae feed on the ear tip and tunnel into the side of the ear to access the kernels. Larvae disperse from the plant where the eggs were deposited to infest neighboring plants, both within and across the row. After completing at least six growth stages in about 55 days, the larvae drop to the soil and burrow to create an earthen overwintering chamber. Depending on soil texture the overwintering chambers can be at a depth of 16 inches in course soil, but an average of about 8 inches across soil types. Winter mortality rates under natural conditions are about 60%, with higher rates of survival in course textured soils.
Figure 5. Yield map of field infested with western bean cutworm.
Injury
Injury is usually randomly distributed across the field as the yield map in Figure 5 indicates, with the red areas being heavily infested with western bean cutworm. The later growth stage larvae destroy kernels at the tip of the ear and along the ear. Most larvae are found within 5.5 feet of the original plant. This movement to adjacent plants can lead to many injured ears. The entry point through the husk, when larvae tunnel into the ear can allow entry to pathogens resulting in ear rots and possible mycotoxins. Ear tip feeding may be confused with corn earworm injury but instead of one corn earworm usually located on each ear, ears infested with western bean cutworm often have multiple larvae feeding on a single ear. Direct kernel consumption equates to an average loss of just less than four bushels per acre to 15 bushels per acre.
Management
Preventative tactics
The Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protein Vip3A is currently the only Bt protein that helps to provide control of the western bean cutworm. Trecepta® RIB complete® corn products contain the Vip3A protein and can help provide control. Other cultural practices such as altering planting date and tillage to destroy the pupal cells are of limited value.
Responsive tactics
The correct timing of scouting for western bean cutworm can be refined using either pheromone traps near corn fields or a developmental model that predicts moth emergence. While both tactics may assist in scouting timing, they cannot be used to determine the need for a responsive management tactic. Scouting timing should be focused on the corn developmental stage at mid-June through July. The female prefers to deposit her eggs on plants that are just about to tassel. While oviposition in some years can occur on whorl stage corn, the larvae do not survive feeding on vegetative tissue alone and need reproductive tissue or pollen to complete development.
Sampling consists of counting the number of egg masses or small larvae on 20 consecutive plants, in five locations throughout the field due to oviposition being random across the field. Continue scouting on a five-day schedule until the oviposition period
is complete. In years with extreme growth stage variability across the field, oviposition in the field may occur over a longer period.
If the risk of mycotoxins is minimal and the major concern is direct injury, then an economic threshold of 5 to 8% (five to eight plants out of 100) of the plants infested with egg masses or small larvae should be used. In areas where mycotoxins are a concern, the lower 5% of the plant infested should be used. In addition, the economic threshold in this situation is additive. For example, if the infestation rate is 2% for the first sampling, and five days later the second sampling found 3% of the plants were infested, then the threshold would be reached (2% + 3% = 5%). Additionally, if mycotoxins are a concern, the addition of a fungicide with the insecticide applied at R1 is recommend. Insecticide and fungicide recommendations can change, please consult your chemical provider for registered approved products.
Article Link – Management of Western Bean Cutworm in Corn
Sources
1 Smith, J.L., Difonzo, C.D., Baute, T.D., Michel, A.P., Krupke, C.H. 2019. Ecology and management of the western bean cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in corn and dry beans—Revision with focus on the Great Lakes region. Journal of Integrated Pest Management, 10: 1-19. https://academic.oup.com/jipm/article/10/1/27/5558144.
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